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于2010-06-11 00:12:13翻译 | 已有345人浏览
在美国普林斯顿大学，每年都会举办一场艺术竞赛，号召科学家们在他们的日常研究中捕捉美的瞬间。以下是《时代周刊》选出的10张来自2010年“科学中的艺术”大赛的图片。完整的作品集将在普林斯顿大学展出，一直到2011年5月5日。
Tags:图片 | 艺术 | 时代 | 科学 | 组图 | 图集
Each year an artistic competition calls on scientists at Princeton University to capture moments of beauty in their day-to-day research
在美国普林斯顿大学，每年都会举办一场艺术竞赛，号召科学家们在他们的日常研究中捕捉美的瞬间。
1.
MARIAN FLORESCU, PAUL J. STEINHARDT AND PAUL J. STEINHARDT / PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ART OF SCIENCE COMPETITION
Experiments in Beauty
Each spring, the "Art of Science" competition at Princeton University rewards three university scientists for their contributions — not to science, but to art. The dozens of submissions, created during the course of scientific research, can sometimes be surprisingly revealing, and the images represent fields as varied as astrophysics, fluid dynamics, genomics and zoology. (The image above is a close-up of a new "photonic solid" invented by Princeton physicists; think of it as a semiconductor of light, rather than electricity.)
The winners receive nominal cash prizes, whose value is determined according to the golden ratio — the mathematical proportion considered to underlie the most aesthetically pleasing objects, natural or man-made. We won't expound the formula here, but see if you can figure it out for yourself: First prize is $250; second place takes $154.51; and the third prize is $95.49.
Following are 10 of TIME's favorite images from the 2010 Art of Science contest. The full exhibit will be on display at Princeton until May 5, 2011.
玛丽安·弗洛雷斯库（MARIAN FLORESCU），保罗·斯坦哈特（PAUL J. STEINHARDT）/普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛
科学实验中的美
每年春天，普林斯顿大学举办的“科学中的艺术”大赛将会对3名科学家的贡献做出奖励——不是他们对科学的贡献，而是对艺术的贡献。提交的几十件作品都是在科研过程中产生的，有时会有出乎意料的启发性，这些图像代表了各个领域，包括天体物理学，流体力学，基因组研究和动物学等。（上面的图片是普林斯顿物理学家发明的新型“光子固态”的特写镜头，它们是光半导体，而非电子半导体。）
优胜者将获得象征性的奖金，奖金额度符合黄金比例——它被认为是很多美好的事物背后隐藏的数学比例，不管是自然的还是人为的。隐藏在奖金中的黄金比例，需要你自己来发现：一等奖250美元;二等奖154.51美元;三等奖95.49美元。
以下是《时代周刊》选出的10张来自2010年“科学中的艺术”大赛的图片。完整的作品集将在普林斯顿大学展出，一直到2011年5月5日。
2.
JERRY ROSS / PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ART OF SCIENCE COMPETITION
Xenon Plasma Accelerator
The first-prize winner, this photo depicts an exhaust plume from a Hall Thruster, a propulsion system that uses plasma (ionized gas, such as xenon) instead of chemical fuel to power spacecraft for both near-Earth and deep-space travel. Researchers at Princeton have been interested in experimenting with the Hall Thruster, because space vehicles propelled by plasma require less fuel overall.
杰里·罗斯（JERRY ROSS）/普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛
氙离子推进器
冠军得主。这张照片展示了一个霍尔推力器的排气羽流，这是一种使用等离子体（电离气体，如氙气）的推进系统，取代化学燃料为近地和深空旅行的飞船提供动力。普林斯顿大学的研究人员对霍尔推力器的实验一向都很感兴趣，因为总的来说，使用等离子推进器的航天器需要的燃料量更少。
3.
NAN YAO AND GERALD POIRIER / PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ART OF SCIENCE COMPETITION
Summer
These nanowires — molecular structures with a diameter smaller than a billionth of a meter — were grown like "grass in the springtime" by synthesizing nickel, according to Nan Yao and Gerald Poirier, who created the image with an environmental scanning electron microscope. While nanowires are still in an experimental stage, they may one day be used to link extremely small circuits in environmental and health sensors or other molecular machines.
姚南（Nan Yao，音译）和杰拉德·普瓦里耶（Gerald Poirier）/普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛
夏天
这些从合成镍上生长出来的纳米线由分子元构成，其直径的量级为十亿分之一米，像是“春天的青草”。姚南和杰拉尔德·普瓦里耶用环境扫描电子显微镜创造了这幅图像。纳米线技术还处在实验阶段，但有一天，在环境和健康传感器或其他分子机器中，它们可以被用于连接极微小的电路。
4.
LORENZO SIRONI AND ANATOLY SPITKOVSKY / PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ART OF SCIENCE COMPETITION
It's Not What You Think It Is
The title says it all. Although this image looks like a biological scene you might have learned about in your 7th-grade sex-education class, what's actually shown is a simulation of an astrophysical process known as "magnetic reconnection": opposing magnetic fields are spliced together, releasing high amounts of energy. (Solar flares, for instance, are thought to involve magnetic reconnection.) As a result, the magnetic fields become trapped in "islands," seen here as red orbs. Sailing between them are high-energy particles, which leave yellow tracks in their wake.
洛伦索·西罗尼（LORENZO SIRONI）和阿纳托利·斯比特卡维斯基（ANATOLY SPITKOVSKY） /普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛
这不是你认为是什么
磁重联中的磁场“孤岛”虽然这幅图看来有点像生物学的场景，让你想到性教育课上追逐卵子的精子，但实际上，这是天体物理学“磁重联”过程的一次模拟：极性相反的磁场拼接在一起，释放出高量能源。（太阳耀斑，被认为与磁重联有关。）结果，磁场被困在“孤岛”中，就是这里看到的红色球体。在它们之间穿梭往来的是高能粒子，在身后留下黄色的尾迹。
5.
STEVE BRUNTON / PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ART OF SCIENCE COMPETITION
Stirring Faces
These dramatic curlicues were generated by a computer simulation of the motion of a small body — in this case a flat, rigid plate — through an incompressible fluid, such as water or, in some conditions, air. Each of the four images depicts the same phenomenon, but at a different point in time. The "eyes" of the facelike pictures correspond to vortices of turbulence caused by the motion of the plate through the fluid. "Two direct goals of the research are to better understand how birds and insects fly, and to develop unsteady aerodynamic models for advanced micro-aerial vehicles," says Steve Brunton, a graduate student in Princeton's department of mechanical and aerospace engineering.
史蒂夫·布伦顿（STEVE BRUNTON ）/普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛
晃动的人脸
这些夸张的“人脸”是在用计算机模拟小物体移动过程中产生的——图中所示为一个刚性板通过不可压缩流体，如水，或某些情况下的空气产生的移动。四个图像描绘的是同一现象，但处于不同的时间点。人脸的“眼睛”是板块通过流体造成的涡流。“这项研究的两个直接目标是更好地了解鸟类和昆虫的飞行，以及构造先进微型飞行器的非定常空气动力学模型，”普林斯顿大学机械和航空航天工程学系的研究生史蒂夫·布伦顿说。
6.
TIM KOBY / PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ART OF SCIENCE COMPETITION
Neutron Star Scattering off a Super Massive Black Hole
People who believe in astrology or aliens may look for hidden meaning in this model of a black hole sucking neutron stars into its maw. But the phenomenon has a perfectly natural astrophysical explanation. In an attempt to flee the black hole, these densely packed neutron stars — small but superdense and superhot remnants of massive stars that went supernova — scatter into eccentric, or noncircular, orbits, causing intricate and sometimes beautiful patterns. Eventually most stars escape. This image, generated by a computer algorithm, won third prize.
蒂姆·库柏（TIM KOBY） /普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛
分散在超大质量黑洞周围的中子星
占星术和外星人的崇拜者可能会寻找这个黑洞吞噬中子星的模型背后的隐藏意义。但对这种现象，有一个完美的自然天体物理学解释。在逃离黑洞的过程中，这些高密度的中子星散布在偏心圆或者非圆形的轨道上，形成复杂的美丽图案。（中子星是巨大的恒星到末期发生超新星爆炸后的残骸，体积虽然小，但密度非常大，而且非常热。）最终，大多数恒星能够逃脱。这幅图像，由计算机算法生成，获得了三等奖。
7.
SONIA NAIDU AND ENRICO SASSONI / PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ART OF SCIENCE COMPETITION
Sustainability in Art: Forest of Apatite
International law may guard ancient monuments from looters, but little can protect them against acid rain and other corrosive elements. This scanning electron microscope image illustrates one attempt to do so. Researchers in a Princeton art-conservation lab used apatite, a hard mineral, to create a coating of protective crystals — as seen in the center of the image — that shields the surface of marble, limestone and other calcareous materials from environmental degradation. (One form of apatite is a major element in tooth enamel and bone mineral.)
索尼娅·奈杜（SONIA NAIDU）和恩里科·萨索尼（ENRICO SASSONI） /普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛
艺术的可持续发展：磷灰石森林
国际法律也许可以防范对古迹的抢掠，但无法防止酸雨和其他腐蚀性元素对它们的损害。这张扫描电子显微镜图像展示了对古迹保护的一次尝试。普林斯顿大学艺术保护实验室的研究人员利用一种硬矿物——磷灰石，创造了一个保护晶体涂层，如图中央所示，这保护了表面的大理石，石灰石和其他钙质材料免受环境腐蚀。（磷灰石是牙齿釉质和骨矿的主要成分。）
8.
艾丽·斯塔曼（ELLE STARKMAN），斯莱·文森（SLY VINSON），多哥·达罗（DOUG DARROW）和雷恩·罗克莫尔（LANE ROQUEMORE）/普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛（）
中子快递
自1999年以来，普林斯顿国家球形环实验装置的科学家们对“太阳的能量”——核聚变进行了研究，希望有一天它能为地球提供清洁的、可持续的能源。它可为许多机器供能，包括图中所示的玩具通勤列车。该模型火车安装有合成的放射性同位素（中子或者说能量的来源），在模型列车轨道上进行连续3天的循环，以协助通知其他聚变实验。
9.
HENRY S. HORN / PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ART OF SCIENCE COMPETITION
Hare-ball
Because it makes its home in an extreme environment, the desert hare is biologically designed to radiate excess heat through its lanky limbs and oversized ears. But on one chilly morning four years ago in Arizona's Saguaro National Park, Henry Horn, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology, shot these photos: at left, the hare compresses itself into a sphere, minimizing its surface-to-volume ratio in order to retain heat and stay warm. When the sun broke through the clouds, the hare reverted to a more familiar posture.
亨利·霍恩（HENRY S. HORN ）/普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛
兔子球
因为生长在极端环境中，沙漠兔子形成了独特的生物学构造，通过瘦长的四肢和超大的耳朵辐射多余的热量。但在四年前一个寒冷早晨，在亚利桑那州的萨瓜罗国家公园，生态和进化生物学教授亨利·霍恩，拍摄了这组照片：左边，一只兔子将身体压缩成一个球体，尽量减少为了其表面体积比，以保存热量，让自己温暖。但当阳光穿透云层，兔子一瞬间恢复了正常的姿势。
10.
R. SCOTT MCISAAC, KC HUANG AND NED WINGREEN / PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ART OF SCIENCE COMPETITION
Chaos
During early development, an embryo uses stored chemical energy to emit signals that help synchronize cell division. But what happens when that chemical energy throws a wrench into the process? This visual representation of a mathematical model shows the impact of "asymmetrical" chemical energy on the cell division of an African clawed frog embryo. In the image, time moves from bottom to top. The oscillations that accompany cell division are stable at first, but they soon give way to waviness, and then to chaos. Researchers are investigating how the embryo maintains synchronous cell division despite its sensitivity to internal fluctuations.
斯科特·麦艾萨克（R. SCOTT MCISAAC），黄国祯（KC HUANG，音译）和奈德·温格林（NED WINGREEN ）/普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛
混沌
在早期的成长过程中，胚胎使用其存储的化学能发出信号，帮助同步细胞分裂。但是，如果化学能发出了错误的信号会发生什么呢？这种数学模型的可视化形式展示了“不对称”的化学能对非洲爪蟾胚胎细胞分裂的影响。这幅图中，时间从底部向顶部延伸。伴随细胞分裂的波动一开始是稳定的，但很快被波纹所取代，然后是混沌。研究人员正在研究胚胎在对内部波动敏感的情况下，是如何保持细胞分裂同步的，。
11.
SHUWA XU / PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ART OF SCIENCE COMPETITION
Separating Sperms
Sperm cells begin as bundles of interconnected cells, shown here as masses of flowing green strands. Structures called "individualization complexes" — the three red clusters — enable sperm to separate from each other and develop into individual cells. In the final stage of spermatogenesis, the individualization complexes travel along the sperm bundles (from right to left in this image), leaving fully formed mature sperm in their wake; you can see them just to the right of the red structures.
徐舒佤（SHUWA XU，音译）/普林斯顿大学“科学中的艺术”大赛
精子分离
精子细胞最初是一束互相纠缠的细胞，也就是图中游动的绿丝。被称为“个性化复合物”的结构——三个红色簇——使精子分离发展成单个细胞。在精子产生的最后阶段，个性化复合物沿精子束移动（由右至左，在该图中），在它们身后留下完全成熟的精子，图中可以看到这些红色结构右边的精子。
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发表于 2010-6-11 14:18